A 11 - As Gerações Românticas no Brasil - Literatura - Vestibulando Digital

Summary

This educational video explores Brazilian Romanticism, covering its evolution from 1836 to 1881. It highlights the key literary generations: the Indianist/Nationalist generation, which celebrated Brazil's indigenous culture, the Ultra-Romantic generation, marked by themes of death and despair, and the Condoreira generation, which focused on social issues and abolitionism, led by figures like Castro Alves. The video emphasizes the creation of a 'genuinely Brazilian' literature, distinct from European influences, and the lasting impact of Romanticism on the country's literary identity.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Romantic movement in Brazil began in 1836 with the publication of 'Suspiros Poéticos e Saudades' by Gonçalves de Magalhães and the launch of the Niterói magazine.
• 😀 Brazilian Romanticism is divided into five main literary movements: Romanticism, Realism and Naturalism, Parnassianism, Symbolism, and Pre-Modernism in the 19th century, and Modernism in the 20th century.
• 😀 The Brazilian Romantic period lasted until 1881, marked by the publication of 'Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas' (Machado de Assis) and 'O Mulato' (Aluísio Azevedo).
• 😀 The phenomenon of literary 'generations' is specific to poetry in Brazil, with three distinct poetic generations identified during the Romantic period.
• 😀 The first Romantic generation is known as 'Indianist' or 'Nationalist,' focused on celebrating Brazil’s native culture, particularly the figure of the indigenous people as noble savages.
• 😀 Key authors of the first generation include Gonçalves de Magalhães, who introduced Romanticism to Brazil, and Gonçalves Dias, who consolidated the movement, especially through his nationalistic works.
• 😀 One of the most famous works from the first generation is 'Canção do Exílio' by Gonçalves Dias, which praises Brazil’s natural beauty.
• 😀 The second generation, known as 'Ultra-Romantic' or the 'Generation of the 'Mal do Século,' is characterized by themes of melancholy, death, and existential despair.
• 😀 Authors of the second generation, such as Álvares de Azevedo and Casimiro de Abreu, often expressed youthful rebellion and sadness, with many dying young, often before the age of 24.
• 😀 The third Romantic generation, called the 'Social and Libertarian Generation' or 'Condoreira,' was known for its elevated ideals and critiques of society, often linked to political and social liberation movements.
• 😀 Castro Alves, a key figure in the third generation, is famous for his abolitionist poetry, especially 'O Navio Negreiro,' which condemns the brutality of the slave trade in Brazil.
• 😀 The Romantic movement in Brazil marked the beginning of a distinct national literature, free from European influence, and laid the foundation for future literary movements in the country.

Q & A

What was the main driving force behind Romanticism in Brazil?

The main driving force behind Romanticism in Brazil was the desire for freedom, which allowed the movement to express national identity and break away from European influence.

When did Brazilian Romanticism begin and end?

Brazilian Romanticism began in 1836 with the publication of *Súcubos Poéticos e Saudades* by Gonçalves de Magalhães and ended in 1881 with the publication of *Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas* by Machado de Assis and *Mulato* by Aluísio Azevedo.

What are the main literary movements in Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries?

The main literary movements in Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries include Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Parnassianism, Symbolism, Pre-Modernism, and Modernism.

How does the phenomenon of literary generations differ between Brazil and Portugal?

In Brazil, the phenomenon of literary generations is specific to poetry, while in Portugal, it spans all literary genres.

What is the significance of the first generation of Brazilian Romanticism?

The first generation of Brazilian Romanticism, also known as the Nationalist or Indianist generation, focused on national themes, particularly the celebration of the indigenous people as 'noble savages' and the beauty of Brazilian nature.

Which authors are associated with the first generation of Brazilian Romanticism?

The first generation is represented by authors like Gonçalves de Magalhães, who introduced Romanticism to Brazil, and Gonçalves Dias, who consolidated the movement.

What is the theme of the famous poem 'Minha terra tem palmeiras' by Gonçalves Dias?

The poem 'Minha terra tem palmeiras' is a patriotic expression of longing for the beauty of Brazil's natural landscape, particularly the palm trees and the sound of the sabiá bird.

What characterizes the second generation of Brazilian Romanticism, also known as Ultra-Romanticism?

The second generation, or Ultra-Romanticism, is characterized by themes of anguish, death, and nostalgia, often portraying youthful despair and idealized suffering.

How did the authors of the second generation of Brazilian Romanticism live, and what is notable about their lives?

The authors of the second generation, like Álvares de Azevedo and Casimiro de Abreu, were known for their short lives, with most dying before the age of 24, contributing to the romanticization of their works.

What makes Castro Alves significant in the third generation of Brazilian Romanticism?

Castro Alves is significant for his abolitionist poetry, where he denounced slavery and called for social change. He is known for works like 'O Navio Negreiro,' which highlighted the brutal conditions of slavery.

What does the term 'Condoreira' refer to in the context of the third generation of Brazilian Romanticism?

The term 'Condoreira' refers to the third generation's lofty ideals, comparing the poets' aspirations to the flight of the condor, an eagle-like bird that flies high above the Andes mountains.

What was the primary theme of Castro Alves's poem 'O Navio Negreiro'?

'O Navio Negreiro' focuses on the inhumanity of the slave trade, describing the suffering of African slaves being transported to Brazil. The poem conveys a strong anti-slavery message and calls for social and political change.

How did the Romantic movement in Brazil contribute to the development of Brazilian literature?

Romanticism in Brazil marked the beginning of a truly national literature, as Brazilian writers began to express their cultural identity and break free from European influences, paving the way for future movements in literature.