Leishmaniose Visceral - Agente de Combate à Endemias e Agente Comunitário de Saúde - Parte 01

Summary

This educational video focuses on visceral leishmaniasis, a chronic and systemic disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus. The content is designed to prepare students for exams by providing key details on its transmission, clinical manifestations, and treatment. The disease is primarily transmitted by sandflies, and in urban areas, dogs serve as the main reservoirs. It discusses the symptoms, complications, and high mortality rate for untreated individuals, with a focus on early diagnosis and treatment. The video also emphasizes the importance of public health measures, including surveillance and active case detection in affected regions.

Takeaways

• 😀 Leishmaniasis is a chronic and systemic disease that affects all body systems, and if untreated, it can lead to death in over 90% of cases.
• 😀 The causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis is the protozoan from the *Leishmania* genus, specifically *Leishmania infantum* in the Americas.
• 😀 In urban areas, dogs are the primary reservoir of the disease, while in sylvatic (wild) areas, foxes and marsupials serve as reservoirs.
• 😀 The vector responsible for transmitting leishmaniasis is the *Lutzomyia* sandfly, specifically *Lutzomyia longipalpis*, and other species like *Lutzomyia cruzi* are also involved in certain regions.
• 😀 Sandflies are most active during twilight and nighttime, primarily around dwellings or in animal shelters.
• 😀 The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly, and transmission cannot occur directly from person to person.
• 😀 Incubation periods for humans range from 10 days to 24 months, with an average of 2-6 months, while in dogs, it ranges from 3 months to several years.
• 😀 Children and the elderly are the most vulnerable to visceral leishmaniasis, though only a small percentage of infected individuals develop symptoms.
• 😀 Key clinical signs of leishmaniasis include prolonged fever, weight loss, fatigue, hepatomegaly (liver enlargement), splenomegaly (spleen enlargement), and anemia.
• 😀 Treatment involves the use of medications like meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B, with additional care such as hydration, antibiotics, and nutritional support.
• 😀 The disease is a notifiable condition, and timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for reducing its mortality rate. Vigilance programs should be in place to track and address cases effectively.

Q & A

What is Leishmaniasis Visceral?

Leishmaniasis Visceral is a chronic and systemic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. It can affect all systems of the body and, when untreated, can result in death in more than 90% of cases.

What is the main etiological agent responsible for Leishmaniasis Visceral?

The etiological agent of Leishmaniasis Visceral is protozoa from the Leishmania genus, specifically Leishmania infantum in the Americas.

What are the main reservoirs for Leishmaniasis Visceral?

In urban areas, dogs (Canis familiaris) are the primary reservoirs. In sylvatic environments, foxes and marsupials act as the primary reservoirs.

What are the vectors responsible for transmitting Leishmaniasis Visceral?

The vectors for Leishmaniasis Visceral are sandflies from the Psychodidae family, specifically the species Lutzomyia longipalpis, also known as 'palha mosquito' or 'catuqueira.'

What are the common characteristics of sandflies that transmit Leishmaniasis Visceral?

Sandflies have a segmented body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen. They undergo complete metamorphosis, meaning their body changes drastically from birth to adulthood.

What is the main mode of transmission of Leishmaniasis Visceral?

Leishmaniasis Visceral is transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly. The sandfly must be infected with Leishmania infantum to transmit the disease.

What is the incubation period for Leishmaniasis in humans and dogs?

In humans, the incubation period ranges from 10 days to 24 months, with an average of 2 to 6 months. In dogs, it ranges from 3 months to several years, with an average of 3 to 7 months.

Who are the most susceptible individuals to Leishmaniasis Visceral?

Children and the elderly are the most susceptible to Leishmaniasis Visceral. However, only a small percentage of infected individuals develop symptoms.

What are the main clinical manifestations of Leishmaniasis Visceral?

The main symptoms include prolonged fever, weight loss, fatigue (asthenia), enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), and anemia.

What complications can arise from untreated Leishmaniasis Visceral?

Untreated Leishmaniasis Visceral can lead to complications such as acute otitis media, skin infections, urinary and respiratory infections, sepsis, and bleeding from the gums and digestive system.

What is the treatment for Leishmaniasis Visceral in Brazil?

The treatment for Leishmaniasis Visceral in Brazil involves medications such as meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B. The treatment plan also includes additional supportive measures like hydration, fever management, and nutritional support.

What is the importance of notification in the context of Leishmaniasis Visceral?

Leishmaniasis Visceral is a compulsorily notifiable disease. All suspected cases must be reported for timely investigation and appropriate treatment, especially in areas with known transmission.