Estados Unidos (século XIX) no Enem - Brasil Escola

Summary

In this lesson, Professor Pedro Ivo explores key moments in U.S. history, focusing on the nation's early expansion, the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, and the causes of the Civil War. He highlights the economic and political differences between the North and South, which led to the conflict and the eventual abolition of slavery. The professor also discusses the rise of segregation, the formation of the Ku Klux Klan, and the subsequent civil rights movements of the 20th century, including the work of Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Black Panther Party, offering insights crucial for students preparing for the ENEM exam.

Takeaways

• 😀 The United States' first and only constitution was created in 1787, laying the political and legal foundation for the country.
• 😀 The growth of population and industrialization in the early 19th century, especially in the northern U.S., led to territorial expansion.
• 😀 Two key thoughts guided U.S. expansion: the Doctrine of Moral and the Manifest Destiny, which justified westward expansion.
• 😀 Manifest Destiny depicted the U.S. as a force bringing civilization to the West, symbolized by an angel carrying a telegraph line.
• 😀 Westward expansion was achieved through territorial purchases, like Louisiana, Florida, and Alaska, as well as through wars and diplomatic negotiations.
• 😀 The U.S. annexed over 50% of Mexico's territory following the Mexican-American War, effectively reaching the Pacific Ocean.
• 😀 The objectives of westward expansion included gaining access to Asian markets, discovering precious metals, and ensuring new opportunities for settlers.
• 😀 Tensions over whether new territories would follow northern industrial or southern agricultural models contributed to the Civil War.
• 😀 The election of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican representing northern interests, triggered southern states to secede, leading to the Civil War from 1861 to 1865.
• 😀 In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, abolishing slavery in rebellious territories, and in 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery nationwide.
• 😀 After the Civil War, southern states enacted segregationist laws, and groups like the Ku Klux Klan used violence to oppose civil rights for African Americans.
• 😀 Civil rights movements such as those led by Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Black Panther Party sought to challenge racial inequality, with King advocating nonviolent resistance and Malcolm X promoting self-defense.

Q & A

What was the primary objective behind the creation of the U.S. Constitution in 1787?

The primary objective was to establish the political and legal foundations of the new state after the independence of the United States.

How did the population growth and industrialization contribute to U.S. expansion?

The increase in population, driven by European immigration, and industrialization in the North, enabled the U.S. to expand both territorially and through increased influence on the American continent.

What are the two types of expansion that occurred in the United States during the 19th century?

The two types of expansion were 'interior expansion,' which refers to the territorial growth of the U.S. towards the West, and 'exterior expansion,' which involves increasing U.S. influence in the Americas.

What was the role of Manifest Destiny in U.S. territorial expansion?

Manifest Destiny was the guiding ideology that justified U.S. expansion, particularly the 'March to the West,' which aimed to spread American civilization and values to the western territories.

How did the painting associated with Manifest Destiny reflect the American vision of expansion?

The painting depicted an angelic figure advancing westward, symbolizing the spread of light (civilization and modernity) to the darker, unexplored West, while Native Americans were shown fleeing, emphasizing their displacement during the expansion.

What were the primary motivations behind the U.S. 'March to the West'?

The motivations included reaching the Pacific Ocean for access to Asian markets, acquiring precious metals, securing raw materials and energy sources, relieving population pressures, and creating opportunities for marginalized populations.

How did the 'March to the West' lead to tensions between the North and South of the U.S.?

The 'March to the West' intensified the rivalry between the North and South, as they disagreed on the economic and social model to implement in new territories: the industrial, free-labor model of the North versus the agrarian, slave-dependent model of the South.

What was the connection between the 'March to the West' and the U.S. Civil War?

The tensions caused by the expansion into new territories, and the disagreement over the slavery issue, contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. The expansionist policies fueled the North-South divide, leading to the secession of Southern states.

How did the abolition of slavery occur during the Civil War?

The abolition of slavery was implemented by President Lincoln, who issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which freed slaves in Confederate-held territories. This was followed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865, which abolished slavery across the entire country.

What were the effects of segregation laws on African Americans in the Southern U.S. after the Civil War?

Segregation laws, which institutionalized racial separation in public spaces, led to systemic discrimination and inequality for African Americans, especially in the South. These laws were supported by groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which sought to maintain white supremacy.