Histoire et évolution de l'Empire romain

Summary

This historical overview traces the Roman Empire's trajectory from its legendary foundation in 753 BC to its fall in 476 AD. It highlights key periods, including the Republic's rise, the Punic Wars, the Macedonian Wars, and the Servile Wars. The narrative continues through the tumultuous civil wars, the Pax Romana under Augustus, and the eventual division into Western and Eastern Empires. The script also touches on the Byzantine Empire's legacy before its demise in 1453, emphasizing Rome's enduring impact on Western culture.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ The Roman Empire's foundation is traditionally dated to 753 BC, although the actual date is unknown.
• 👑 In -509, Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a Republic after the fall of the monarchy.
• 🛡️ Rome's expansion began with the formation of the Latin League and the conquest of nearby territories, leading to control over Italy by -264.
• 🐘 The Punic Wars (-264 to -146) were a series of conflicts with Carthage, resulting in Rome's control over the western Mediterranean.
• 🏹 Rome engaged in the Macedonian Wars to counter the influence of Macedonia and secure its eastern territories.
• 🗡️ The Servile Wars were a series of slave revolts in Sicily, highlighting the transformation and impact of slavery in the Roman Republic.
• 👥 The Roman Republic experienced a period of instability marked by civil wars and power struggles among generals like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Crassus.
• ⚔️ Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon in -49 initiated a civil war that led to his temporary dictatorship and assassination in -44.
• 🏙️ Augustus, originally known as Octavian, established the Principate in -27, effectively marking the transition from Republic to Empire and initiating the Pax Romana.
• 🌏 The Roman Empire reached its zenith under Emperor Trajan, with territories stretching from Britain to Dacia and the Near East.
• 🛑 The Western Roman Empire fell to barbarian invasions and internal crises, with Romulus Augustulus often considered the last emperor in 476 AD.

Q & A

When is the traditional date of the foundation of Rome?

The traditional date of the foundation of Rome is 753 BC, although it is acknowledged that this is a legendary date and the actual year may be unknown.

What significant change occurred in Rome in 509 BC?

In 509 BC, the monarchy in Rome fell and was replaced by the establishment of the Roman Republic.

What was the Latin League and why was it formed?

The Latin League was a confederation of several cities in Latium, formed to help each other and facilitate cooperation. Rome, with the help of other cities, founded the Latin League to strengthen their position between the Latin and Etruscan worlds.

What was the Pyrrhic War and what is the origin of the term 'Pyrrhic victory'?

The Pyrrhic War was a series of battles between Rome and the Greek city-states led by Pyrrhus in southern Italy, starting with the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC. The term 'Pyrrhic victory' originates from these battles, referring to a victory achieved at too great a cost.

What were the Punic Wars and what were their significance in Roman history?

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, starting in 264 BC. They were significant as they marked Rome's rise to power in the Mediterranean and the eventual dominance over its rival, Carthage.

How did the Roman Republic handle the issue of citizenship for non-Romans in Italy?

The issue of citizenship for non-Romans in Italy was a contentious one and led to the Social War (90-88 BC). The conflict ended with Rome granting citizenship to those who stopped rebelling against Rome, thus expanding the Roman citizenship.

Who were the leaders of the First and Second Servile Wars?

The First Servile War was led by slaves in Sicily and lasted from 140 BC to 132 BC. The Second Servile War was led by slaves in Sicily again, this time under the leadership of Spartacus, and occurred between 104 BC and 101 BC.

What was the Triumvirate and what was its purpose?

The Triumvirate was a political alliance formed in 60 BC between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Its purpose was to support each other's interests and to elect Caesar as Consul in 59 BC, effectively controlling the Roman Republic.

What does 'Pax Romana' refer to and what were its characteristics?

The 'Pax Romana' refers to a period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire, which began with the rule of Augustus. It was characterized by a lack of large-scale wars and allowed for significant cultural, economic, and territorial expansion.

What were the key events that led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

The fall of the Western Roman Empire was a result of multiple factors, including the Sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 AD, the loss of control over its territories, and the eventual deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 AD by Odoacer, who declared himself the ruler of Italy.

How did the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, fare after the division of the Roman Empire in 395?

After the division in 395, the Eastern Roman Empire, or the Byzantine Empire, continued to exist and even expanded at times. It maintained its capital in Constantinople and Greek as its main language. However, it faced numerous challenges, including the Crusades and the rise of the Ottoman Turks, leading to its eventual fall in 1453 when Constantinople was conquered.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Foundation and Early Expansion of Rome

This paragraph outlines the legendary foundation of Rome in 753 BC and its transition from a small kingdom to a republic in 509 BC. It details Rome's early territorial expansion, starting with the formation of the Latin League and the conquest of Veii in 396 BC. The script mentions Rome's struggles and victories, including the sack by the Gauls in 390 BC, the First Samnite War, and subsequent conflicts that led to Rome's dominance over the Italian peninsula by 264 BC. The paragraph sets the stage for Rome's future conquests and the evolution of its political structure.

05:02

🏳️‍🌈 The Punic and Macedonian Wars

The second paragraph delves into the Punic Wars, which were pivotal in Rome's ascent as a Mediterranean power. It begins with the First Punic War in 264 BC, where Rome seized Sicily from Carthage and established slavery to cope with financial losses. The Second Punic War, marked by Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, resulted in Rome's victory and the acquisition of Iberia. The Macedonian Wars are also covered, illustrating Rome's expansion into Greece and its conflicts with the Seleucid Empire. The paragraph highlights key figures like Scipio Africanus and the political shifts that accompanied Rome's growing empire.

10:02

🗡️ Internal Conflicts and Slave Revolts

This section of the script discusses the internal strife within the Roman Republic, starting with the Social War and the debate over extending citizenship to Italians. It describes the power struggles between figures like Marius and Sylla, leading to civil wars and the eventual dictatorship of Sylla. The Servile Wars are also detailed, including the First and Second Servile Wars and the significant slave revolts led by Spartacus. The paragraph emphasizes the instability of the Republic and the rise of influential generals like Pompey and Crassus, setting the stage for further civil unrest.

15:02

🛡️ The Fall of the Roman Republic and the Rise of the Empire

The fourth paragraph chronicles the decline of the Roman Republic and the emergence of the Roman Empire. It covers the rise of Julius Caesar, the Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus, and Caesar's eventual crossing of the Rubicon, leading to a civil war. The assassination of Caesar and the ensuing power vacuum are highlighted, along with the conflicts between Marc Antony and Octavian. The paragraph concludes with Octavian's victory, the establishment of the Principate, and the beginning of the Pax Romana under Augustus, marking the transition from Republic to Empire.

🏰 The Roman Empire at Its Zenith and the Tetrarchy

This section explores the Roman Empire under Augustus and its period of peace known as the Pax Romana. It discusses the expansion of the empire, including the conquest of Britain and Dacia, and the peak of the empire under Emperor Trajan. The paragraph also touches on the periods of tension, such as the Year of the Four Emperors and the First Judeo-Roman War. The narrative moves through various dynasties and the Crisis of the Third Century, culminating in the establishment of the Tetrarchy, a system of four co-ruling emperors, and the eventual unification under Constantine.

⚔️ The Division and Fall of the Roman Empire

The final paragraph examines the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Empires following the death of Theodosius I in 395. It describes the decline of the Western Roman Empire, marked by events like the Sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 and the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476. The Eastern Roman Empire, or the Byzantine Empire, is also discussed, including its attempts to regain lost territories and its eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The paragraph concludes by reflecting on the enduring legacy of the Roman Empire and its influence on modern Western culture.

Keywords

💡Roman Empire

The Roman Empire refers to the post-republican period of ancient Rome, characterized by a vast territorial expanse and significant cultural, political, and military influence. It is central to the video's theme, which traces the rise, expansion, and fall of this great empire. The script mentions the empire's foundation, territorial conquests, and eventual decline, highlighting its impact on Western culture.

💡Mediterranean

The Mediterranean Sea is a significant geographical feature in the script as it was the epicenter of the Roman Empire's expansion and influence. The empire's control over the Mediterranean allowed it to dominate trade routes and military engagements, which is a key aspect of the video's narrative on Rome's growth.

💡Republic

The term 'Republic' in the script refers to the period in Roman history when Rome was governed as a republic, rather than a monarchy or empire. This period is marked by the transition from a monarchy in 509 BC to the establishment of the Roman Republic, which is a foundational element in the video's exploration of Rome's political evolution.

💡Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa. These wars are pivotal in the script as they represent Rome's struggle for dominance in the Mediterranean and its eventual victory, leading to Rome's control over significant territories and the establishment of its empire.

💡Latin League

The Latin League, as mentioned in the script, was a confederation of several cities in Latium, including Rome, which was formed to provide mutual assistance. It played a crucial role in Rome's early expansion and unification of the Latin territories, setting the stage for Rome's later conquests.

💡Pyrrhic War

The Pyrrhic War, as described in the script, was a conflict between Rome and the Greek king Pyrrhus of Epirus. The term 'Pyrrhic victory' originates from this war, signifying a victory achieved at too great a cost. This concept is used in the script to illustrate the high price of Rome's military successes.

💡Social War

The Social War, as depicted in the script, was a conflict between Rome and the Italic tribes over the issue of Roman citizenship. The war is significant in the video's narrative as it led to the extension of Roman citizenship to the Italic tribes, which had implications for Rome's social and political structure.

💡Civil Wars

Civil Wars in the script refer to a series of conflicts within Rome, particularly between various factions and generals, leading to the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. The video uses these civil wars to illustrate the internal strife and power struggles that marked the transition from republic to empire.

💡Pax Romana

Pax Romana, or 'Roman Peace,' is a term used in the script to describe the period of relative peace and stability that Rome experienced under the rule of Augustus and his successors. It is a key concept in the video's discussion of the Roman Empire's golden age and its influence on the Mediterranean world.

💡Tetrarchy

The Tetrarchy, mentioned in the script, was a system established in the late Roman Empire where power was shared among four co-emperors. This concept is important in the video's exploration of the empire's later period, showing an attempt to manage the vast territories and the eventual transition to a more centralized rule under Constantine.

💡Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, is the term used in the script to describe the continuation of the Roman Empire's eastern half after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The video highlights the Byzantine Empire as a successor state that preserved Roman traditions and culture, influencing the development of the medieval world.

Highlights

Rome was founded in 753 BC, although the actual year is unknown.

The fall of the monarchy in 509 BC led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.

The Latin League was formed to aid Rome's expansion in Italy.

Rome's first major conquest was the Etruscan city of Veii in 396 BC.

The sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 BC was a significant setback.

The First Samnite War in 343 BC marked Rome's aggressive expansion southward.

Rome emerged victorious in the Latin War, solidifying its regional power.

The Second Samnite War ended with a truce and no territorial gains for Rome.

The Third Samnite War resulted in Rome controlling central Italy by 298 BC.

The Pyrrhic War saw Rome face off against Greek cities, with Rome ultimately winning.

The Punic Wars were pivotal in shaping Rome's dominance in the Mediterranean.

The First Punic War ended with Rome taking Sicily and establishing slavery.

Hannibal Barca's invasion via the Alps marked the beginning of the Second Punic War.

The Macedonian Wars expanded Rome's influence over the eastern Mediterranean.

The Servile Wars were a series of slave revolts that challenged Rome's stability.

Caius Marius emerged as a key military leader during the Cimbrian War and the Jugurthine War.

The Social War was fought over the issue of Roman citizenship for Italians.

The rise of Julius Caesar and the subsequent civil wars led to the end of the Roman Republic.

Augustus established the Principate, effectively transitioning from Republic to Empire.

The Pax Romana was a period of relative peace and stability under Augustus.

The division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Empires in 395 marked a significant shift.

The sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths is often considered the beginning of the Middle Ages.

The fall of the Western Roman Empire was marked by the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476.

The Byzantine Empire, the successor to the Eastern Roman Empire, continued until 1453.

The Roman Empire's legacy has had a profound impact on modern Western culture.

Transcripts

Oh the Roman Empire! This great empire which had conquered the whole Mediterranean.

It's been a long time since I made a history video,

I think I need to get back to it.

In this video, I will take a map of the Mediterranean

and see the different stages that allowed the evolution of Rome.

From its foundation to its fall.

The purpose of this video is to be brief,

and to understand as quickly as possible

all the main lines of this empire.

Let's go !

Officially, Rome was founded in 753 BC.

This foundation is obviously legendary.

We have no idea of ​​the year of the real foundation of Rome.

However, I will take this year as a reference

that I will post in the corner.

You will therefore have two chronological markers.

In -753, Rome was founded.

It is a small kingdom consisting of a single city.

And in -509, the monarchy fell to make way for the Republic.

I made a great leap in history because,

firstly, Rome did not expand in territory

and secondly, everything we know is legendary.

Chapter 1: Conquest of Italy

We will stay in Latium for now.

Rome, with the help of other cities, founds the Latin League.

It is a confederation of several cities to help each other.

Rome is on the border between the Latin world and the Etruscan world.

In 396, Rome took the Etruscan city of Veii.

It is a first conquest.

On the other side, the Latin League makes war on the peoples further south.

In 390, Rome would have suffered a sack.

The sack of Rome.

Due to the Gallic invasions.

Then in 343 BC,

Rome, once well unified with its Latin territory,

begins to attack towards the south.

This is the First Samnite War.

Rome wins.

In 340, it is the beginning of the Latin War.

The other Latin cities struggle

against the influence of Rome in the Latin world.

Rome wins again.

It is a regional power.

The Samnites are afraid and create a confederation

to fight against Roman expansion.

This is the Second Samnite War in 327.

It ends in 304.

Rome wins but without gaining territory.

There is a truce.

In -298, the war is relaunched,

it is the Third Samnite War.

Rome wins by far.

At that time, Rome possessed

a good part of the center of the Italian peninsula.

Even Naples is conquered.

The Appian Way is built between Rome and Capua.

It is the first Roman road.

But Rome will try to conquer towards the South.

But there, he will meet a sizeable enemy.

The Greeks ! Indeed, the Greeks colonized the South of Italy.

In -280, Rome meets the Greek cities,

it is the beginning of the Pyrrhic War in Italy.

It begins with the Battle of Heraclea.

The Greek Pyrrhus wins

and it is from this battle that the expression comes:

Pyrrhic Victory.

A victory but with many losses.

Pyrrhus will chain military losses to win battles

that do not bring him much.

In -275, with the Battle of Benevento,

Rome wins against the Greeks.

Pyrrhus withdraws.

Rome takes the rest of southern Italy.

The Etruscans had also tried to attack Rome,

they were finally conquered in -264.

Rome goes to the end of the peninsula.

And here, in -264, we can say

that the Roman conquest of Italy ends.

But Rome will go even further!

We will see that immediately, in the next chapter.

Chapter 2: The Punic Wars

The Punic Wars are very important in Roman history.

They start from -264.

Rome wasted no time.

Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica are three island colonies

that belong to Carthage.

Itself located in Africa.

The Carthaginians are a Phoenician people.

The Phoenicians originated from present-day Lebanon.

In the previous chapter,

Rome was just a small city in the beginning.

But in the end, it had become a very important city in the Mediterranean.

The two empires must share the areas of influence.

It is by trying to take the city of Messina,

to dominate the strait,

that Rome must face Carthage.

This is the beginning of the First Punic War in -264.

Rome takes all of Sicily in about ten years.

Carthage is in debt.

Syracuse, which was a Greek city, remains an independent Greek city.

In -241, the war ends.

Rome still lost a lot of money with this war,

it sets up slavery.

Sicily will be a very good agricultural land for Rome.

Carthage is bad after this big defeat.

And revolts take place on its territory and its colonies.

Rome took the opportunity to annex Sardinia from -238 then Corsica.

During the next 20 years, Carthage reformed its army,

developed its colonies in the Iberian Peninsula.

Then in -218, Hannibal Barca launched an offensive on Rome

via the Alps.

This is the beginning of the Second Punic War.

Hannibal's armies do well

and arrive as far as Capua.

Then they get a bit stuck

and can't grow anymore.

Rome then launches two offensives:

one towards the Iberian Peninsula,

another directly towards Carthage.

In -202, the war ends and Rome is again victorious

with the Battle of Zama, not far from Carthage.

Scipio Africanus is the Roman general

who becomes the hero of this battle.

Iberia becomes Roman, it is still a new agricultural territory.

And Numidia becomes a Roman ally.

Carthage must be content with its little piece of Africa.

Chapter 3: The Macedonian Wars

Carthage had attempted to make an alliance with Macedonia.

Macedonia is a small kingdom,

a residue of the Great Macedonian Empire

founded by Alexander the Great a century earlier.

The First Macedonian War took place between 214 and 205.

Rome had attempted a conquest of Illyria,

but it could not afford it because it was too focused

on waging war on the Carthaginians.

Rome loses this first Macedonian war.

But Little Macedonia,

it is no longer so small in -200.

It annexes the other Greek states,

makes alliances then invades the island of Rhodes

which calls Rome for help.

Rome intervenes and wins the war.

She imposes a peace treaty and recovers some lands in Illyria.

Macedonia is therefore a simple ally of Rome.

Just like the city of Pergamon.

A Greek city.

But the latter is attacked by the Seleucid Empire in -192

and Rome must intervene.

She wins in -188.

Macedonia is happy with the weakening of the Seleucid Empire

thanks to Roman intervention,

thinks that it could regain its influence,

even attack the Seleucid Empire.

Rome intervenes in -172 to stop Macedonian ambitions.

It is the Third Macedonian War

which ends in -168 with the victory of Rome, once again.

Macedonia is divided into several small Greek states

under Roman influence.

When around -150, a Greek king managed to unify the small states

in an attempt to recreate Macedonia,

Rome intervened and definitively annexed the Greek territories.

This is the Fourth Macedonian War between -150 and -148.

In -146, Macedonia becomes Roman.

Meanwhile, Rome had launched a war against Carthage in -149.

Them again !

Carthage had attempted to invade Numidia.

Rome intervenes, wins the war in -146

and definitively annexes Carthage as a province of Africa.

The 2nd century BC

was also an opportunity for Rome

to consolidate its presence in the Iberian Peninsula.

With the War of Numance between -155 and -133,

Rome finishes conquering all the peninsula.

These new territories will be used to the maximum for their resources.

Agricultural, mining but also slavers.

Many slaves are sent to Sicily for agriculture.

Chapter 4: Servile Wars Slavery

, which has existed for a long time

in the form of family slavery,

was transformed in Roman times.

The Roman Republic made a huge trade out of it.

In -140, in Sicily, the first slave revolt took place.

This is the First Servile War which ends in -132.

When the Romans manage to quell the revolt.

In -133, Pergame and its territories are integrated into Rome.

In -112, there is a problem of succession in Numidia.

Allied country of Rome.

Rome intervenes in Numidia.

And at the same time, there are barbarian invasions,

it's the Cimbrian War.

This is where a first important character of the Republic comes in:

Caius Marius.

You will see that several important characters

will follow one another in Republican history.

Marius intervenes in Numidia in the War of Jugurtha.

He wins in -105.

Then he intervenes in the north to fight the Cimbri.

He wins in -101.

Marius becomes the first of the great Roman generals.

But in this context of double war, another is looming…

…It is the Second Servile War

which begins in -104.

Revolt that ends in -101

once the Cimbrian War is over.

Moreover, it allows Rome

to obtain the Mediterranean coast between Italy and Hispania.

Let's take a look at what will become of this Marius.

He made a great name for himself.

His main lieutenant is Sylla, 20 years younger than him.

Sylla also achieves great exploits during the same wars.

In -96, Cyrenaica joined Rome.

That's starting to make a lot of territories that belong to Rome.

But most are just simple provinces.

And only the Romans, from Rome, are entitled to citizenship in this Republic.

And if Rome is powerful,

it is thanks to its provinces which bring army and resource.

In particular, the Italian peninsula.

So there is a debate about whether or not

to give citizenship to Italians.

It will all end in war.

It is the Social War which begins in -90.

Rome must fight the Italic League.

Marius, who is getting old,

and his former lieutenant turned general, Sylla,

lead the war against the Italic League.

It is Sylla who gains popularity through his exploits.

This war is won by giving citizenship to those

who stop rebelling against Rome.

But Marius and Sylla will start to hate each other.

They hate each other for personal but also political reasons

because they belong to different factions.

They will launch their army against each other.

It's the Civil War.

I won't go into more details.

Sylla is 50 years old, Marius 69 years old.

Sylla wins in -87 and Marius is forced into exile.

In -83 takes place a second civil war against Sylla

but with the armies of the son of Marius.

Said Marius the Younger.

Again, Sylla wins with the help of his precious allies,

among them the young Pompey.

In short, Sylla becomes dictator for life of Rome.

In the meantime, there have been other wars, especially towards the east.

Allowing to recover Anatolia around 70.

Then, there is Hispania

which rebels with the help of pro-Marius.

Sylla sends the young Pompey there who wins the war.

But Rome is in a really unstable situation,

especially after Sulla's death

and in -73 the Third Servile War breaks out.

It is led by the famous Spartacus.

Pompey intervenes as a general.

But so is Crassus, another general.

The revolt was stopped in -71 mainly thanks to Crassus.

Pompey and Crassus become Consul of Rome the following year

thanks to their exploits.

The year -70.

Chapter 5: Civil wars

With Sylla who becomes dictator after a civil war,

we understand that the Roman Republic is less and less stable.

Pompey had become Consul at only 36 years old!

He is therefore young and full of future.

He leads other wars in the East to recover the territories of Pontus.

But also Jerusalem.

Pompey and Crassus are very popular.

Pompey waged other wars, especially against piracy.

He became very popular.

Crassus has become terribly rich.

He is the richest man in the country!

But the two are rivals, a bit like Marius and Sylla.

They seek to find arrangements with a young lawyer.

In -60, the three men make a pact.

It is the Triumvirate.

To elect the young lawyer Consul in -59 and it works.

The latter is the well-known Julius Caesar.

After his year as Consul,

Julius Caesar obtains the management of a province:

Cisalpine Gaul.

Caesar is ambitious, he wants to make new conquests for Rome.

Between -58 and -50, Julius Caesar leads the Gallic Wars

and obtains many territories.

In -50, Caesar wants to return to Rome with his army.

Meanwhile, Crassus died in battle.

In -49, Caesar crosses the Rubicon,

the river he must not cross with his army.

He does it anyway, implying

that he intends to invade Rome with his own army.

This is the start of Caesar's Civil War.

Pompey intervenes immediately.

But it's Caesar who wins in -45.

The latter is helped by Marc Antoine,

a young cavalry master who had distinguished himself in Gaul.

In -44, Julius Caesar was elected dictator for life.

But he is immediately murdered.

Pompey dies during the civil war.

Marc Antoine tries to maintain the power obtained via Caesar.

But Caesar's adopted and murderous son,

Brutus, desires power too.

This is the Modena Civil War. Brutus is killed.

Marc Antony makes an alliance with Octavian,

another adopted son of Caesar and Lepidus.

But it ends in civil war between Octavian and Marc Antoine

who both want to reign over Rome.

In -32 begins the Last Civil War of the Roman Republic.

Marc Antoine goes into exile in Egypt and commits suicide with Cleopatra, his lover.

In -30, Octavian won the civil war

and annexed Egypt at the same time.

Numidia had also been annexed.

He proclaims himself Pharaoh.

Octavian changes his name and becomes Augustus in -27

when he sets up a new political regime:

The Principate.

Rome remains officially a Republic but in fact,

all powers are with Augustus.

It is considered that from this date,

the Roman Republic gave way to the Roman Empire.

Chapter 6: Roman Empire

Once Augustus is in power,

Rome experiences a form of peace.

It's called the Pax Romana.

There are a few wars to consolidate territories.

There are attempts to go to Germania and Persia.

In AD 43, Rome begins to conquer Britain.

In 106, Dacia was conquered.

At that time, Trajan is emperor

and we can say that the Empire is at its peak.

During Trajan's Parthian War,

he briefly conquered some territories.

There were still some periods of tension

during this Roman peace.

Already in the year 69 when four emperors succeeded each other.

There is a civil war where the Flavian dynasty takes power.

Before, it was the dynasty of Augustus.

Then between 66 and 73 with the First Judeo-Roman War.

Then in 96, the Antonine dynasty took power.

In 193, this dynasty was undermined.

It is the year of the Five Emperors who follow one another.

And the Severan dynasty takes power.

In the 3rd century, the so-called Barbarian Invasions began.

They are rather migrations of Germanic peoples.

There is even talk of the Crisis of the Third Century.

Especially around 235 when the Severan dynasty fell.

Then the dynasties are not maintained.

We are talking about military anarchy.

Since the emperors follow one another coming from the military ranks.

Between 253 and 268, this period of military anarchy

gave way to that of the Thirty Tyrants.

Then gives way to the period of the Illyrian Emperors until 285.

It becomes more and more complicated

since these last emperors are of Greek culture for many.

In 285, the Roman Empire became a Tetrarchy.

There are four heads of state in the Empire including two emperors.

Milan becomes one of the imperial cities.

Each is responsible for covering an area

and protecting it from barbarian invasions.

Constantine, one of the emperors in 324,

manages to unify power and suppresses the Tetrarchy.

He becomes the emperor of the entire Roman Empire

and launches a new dynasty:

The Constantinians.

Constantine I, as he was later called,

promulgated new laws that allowed Christianity to flourish.

This religion will become that of Rome.

Constantine will create a new capital in the east:

Constantinople.

In 363, the Valentinian dynasty took power.

Then in 379, a new dynasty took power:

The Theodosians.

With Theodosius I. But when the latter died in 395,

the Roman Empire could no longer remain unified.

It is thus divided between its two successors:

Western Empire and Eastern Empire.

Flavius ​​Honorius, the little brother,

takes the Western Empire while being in Milan.

His big brother takes Constantinople.

It is the division of the Roman Empire in 395.

Chapter 7: Decline and fall of the Empire

Milan had become the capital of the West

during the Tetrarchy in 286.

In 401, the capital is moved to Ravenna.

In 410, Rome was attacked by the Visigoths.

It's the Sack of Rome.

We can sometimes retain this date as the beginning of the Middle Ages

and the domination of the Germanic peoples over Europe.

From this date, the Western Roman Empire

loses control of all its territories.

In 455, the Theodosian dynasty fell to the Western Empire.

The Empire mainly controls the Italian peninsula

and much more elsewhere.

We are entering the period of the Last Emperors.

Romulus Augustulus is considered

the last Western Roman emperor.

He became emperor in 475 and died in 476.

The mercenary Odoacer then took power and proclaimed himself Patrice of Italy.

Then it is a succession of monarchs who kill each other

and whose Eastern Empire still thinks it has a certain influence.

On the other side, the Eastern Roman Empire resists.

Today it is called the Byzantine Empire.

It will continue to expand with Constantinople as its capital

and Greek as its main language.

After an attempt to recover the former territories of the Roman Empire,

the Byzantine Empire saw its size decrease

, being limited to European Greece and Anatolia.

In 1204, Constantinople was taken during the Crusades.

The Empire temporarily disappears.

The Empire of Nicaea, a remnant that had resisted,

again leads a conquest

to recover the territories of Anatolia and Constantinople.

The Byzantine Empire forms again

but is trampled little by little by the Ottoman Turks who encircle it.

In 1453, the Turks took Constantinople.

It is the final end of the Byzantine Empire

and of what could still be called the Roman Empire.

In reality, the Roman Empire has certainly disappeared,

but its heritage is gigantic.

It is the origin of modern Western culture

and the latter dominates the world,

economically and culturally.

Thank you for watching this video to the end!

I hope you have a better view

of the chronology of the Roman Empire.

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And I tell you, see you next time!