Producción de derivados disustituidos del benceno EFECTO ORIENTADOR DE LOS DERIVADOS DEL BENCENO

Summary

In this educational video, the instructor, Alma Mónica Saldaña Corteza, explains the chemical reactions of mono-substituted benzene derivatives. The video covers electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, detailing how different groups, such as halogens, alkyl groups, and nitro groups, interact with the benzene ring. It emphasizes the concept of orienting substituents in either the meta or para positions based on the nature of the substituent. The video provides examples with toluene and benzoic acid, explaining how the nitro group can replace a hydrogen atom, forming two isomers. The video concludes with practical examples of the reactions and their products.

Takeaways

• 😀 Monosubstituted benzene derivatives undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
• 😀 These reactions involve the substitution of a hydrogen atom in the benzene ring by another group (e.g., halogen, alkyl, nitro, or sulfonate).
• 😀 The orientation of substitution (meta or para) is influenced by the existing substituent on the benzene ring.
• 😀 Electron-donating groups like methyl (in toluene) are para-directing, while electron-withdrawing groups like carboxyl (in benzoic acid) are meta-directing.
• 😀 In halogenation, a halogen substitutes a hydrogen, resulting in the formation of a hydrogen halide.
• 😀 In alkylation, an alkyl group substitutes a hydrogen, creating an alkylbenzene.
• 😀 Nitration involves the substitution of a hydrogen by a nitro group, with water as a byproduct.
• 😀 Sulfonation replaces a hydrogen with a sulfonic acid group, with water as a byproduct.
• 😀 The examples of toluene and benzoic acid demonstrate how substituents impact the position of new groups in the substitution process.
• 😀 Toluene reacts with nitric acid and sulfuric acid to form two isomers (ortho and para), depending on the position of the nitro group.
• 😀 Benzoic acid, being meta-directing, leads to the substitution of a nitro group at the meta position of the ring.

Q & A

What type of reactions are discussed in the video?

The video discusses **electrophilic aromatic substitution** reactions, specifically for monosubstituted benzene derivatives.

What determines the position of substitution in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions?

The position of substitution depends on the type of substituent already present on the benzene ring. Some substituents direct the electrophile to the **ortho** and **para** positions, while others direct it to the **meta** position.

What is the general outcome of halogenation reactions on monosubstituted benzene derivatives?

In halogenation reactions, a halogen (like chlorine) replaces a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring, producing a halogenated product and hydrogen chloride as a byproduct.

How does alkylation work in the context of monosubstituted benzene derivatives?

In alkylation, an alkyl group (e.g., methyl) replaces a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring, forming an alkylated benzene derivative.

What happens during a nitration reaction with monosubstituted benzene derivatives?

During nitration, a nitro group (-NO₂) replaces a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring, and water is produced as a byproduct.

What are **ortho/para** and **meta** directors in the context of electrophilic aromatic substitution?

**Ortho/para** directors are substituents that lead the incoming electrophile to the ortho or para positions on the benzene ring, while **meta** directors direct the electrophile to the meta position.

Which monosubstituted benzene derivative is an **ortho/para** director?

Toluene (which has a methyl group as a substituent) is an **ortho/para** director.

Which monosubstituted benzene derivative is a **meta** director?

Benzoic acid, with a carboxyl group as the substituent, is a **meta** director.

What is the result of nitration on toluene?

When toluene undergoes nitration, the nitro group can be added in the **ortho** or **para** positions, leading to the formation of two isomers (ortho-nitrotoluene and para-nitrotoluene).

How does the nitration of benzoic acid differ from toluene?

In the case of benzoic acid, which is a **meta** director, the nitro group will be added at the **meta position** (position 3) of the benzene ring, resulting in a single product.