توضیح تمامی فلسفه ها در 8 دقیقه ! ویژه برنامه قدرت کلام

قدرت کلام
18 Aug 202408:03

Summary

TLDRThis video script delves into the philosophy of Stoicism, emphasizing the importance of personal choice and moderation in life. It contrasts Stoicism with Epicureanism and highlights the teachings of ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The script also touches on nihilism, exploring its various forms and the existential freedom it can offer. It discusses Marxism and its critique of capitalism, advocating for a more equitable distribution of wealth. Finally, it introduces existentialism, which encourages individuals to create their own meaning in life, and its impact on mental health.

Takeaways

  • 📚 Stoicism emphasizes the importance of personal choice and rational action, distinguishing humans from other beings.
  • 🧘‍♂️ Stoics advocate for a balanced life, avoiding extremes of pleasure-seeking and indulgence, and instead pursuing a moderate path.
  • 💪 Courage, defined as the ability to face adversity without despair, is a key virtue in Stoicism, alongside justice and wisdom.
  • 🕰 Marcus Aurelius, a prominent Stoic, exemplified the philosophy by living according to its principles during his reign as a Roman emperor.
  • 📈 Wisdom in Stoicism involves discerning accurate information from falsehoods and dedicating time to learning valuable knowledge.
  • 🤔 Ancient Greek philosophy is not limited to a single thinker but encompasses a range of views and ideas from various Greek philosophers.
  • 🌟 Socrates encouraged curiosity and critical questioning as a means to reach conclusions and understand the world better.
  • 🌱 Aristotle believed in understanding the world through careful observation and study, advocating for empirical knowledge.
  • 🚫 Nihilism, in various forms, denies intrinsic meaning, purpose, and value in life, leading to different existential perspectives.
  • 💡 Friedrich Nietzsche, associated with nihilism, argued for creating new values and meanings in a world perceived as meaningless.
  • 🏛 Marxism, proposed by Karl Marx, critiques the unequal distribution of wealth and labor, advocating for a society where all benefit equally from collective work.

Q & A

  • What is the core concept emphasized by the philosophy of Stoicism?

    -The core concept emphasized by Stoicism is the power of human choice and the importance of living a balanced life, avoiding extremes of pleasure and pain.

  • How do Stoics view the role of virtue in life?

    -Stoics believe in four key virtues: courage, temperance, justice, and wisdom. They argue that these virtues are essential for living a balanced and virtuous life.

  • Who is Marcus Aurelius and what is his significance in Stoic philosophy?

    -Marcus Aurelius was one of the great Roman emperors and a Stoic philosopher. He is significant because he practiced Stoicism in his governance and life, embodying the philosophy's principles.

  • What does the philosophy of ancient Greece encompass?

    -The philosophy of ancient Greece is a collection of views, ideas, and thoughts of Greek philosophers from around the 6th century BCE to the Roman period, forming the foundation for modern sciences and philosophies.

  • What is the main message of Socratic questioning as mentioned in the script?

    -The main message of Socratic questioning is to engage in critical thinking and dialogue to reach conclusions, rather than rejecting ideas without examination.

  • What does Plato's philosophy suggest about the nature of reality?

    -Plato's philosophy suggests that the things we perceive are only a part of reality, and we should seek the world of ideas or forms, which are the true essence of things.

  • How does Aristotle's approach to understanding the world differ from Plato's?

    -Aristotle's approach emphasizes empirical observation and analysis, suggesting that we should study the world closely to understand it, as opposed to Plato's focus on the world of ideas.

  • What is the concept of Nihilism and how does it relate to the meaninglessness of life?

    -Nihilism is a philosophical viewpoint that life has no inherent meaning, purpose, or value. It comes in various forms, such as moral nihilism, existential nihilism, and epistemological nihilism, all asserting different aspects of life's meaninglessness.

  • What is the main idea behind Marxism as presented in the script?

    -Marxism, as presented by Karl Marx, is a theory that focuses on labor, capital, and the unequal distribution of wealth. It advocates for a society where everyone benefits equally from their labor, leading to the concept of communism.

  • How does existentialism differ from nihilism in terms of finding meaning in life?

    -While both existentialism and nihilism acknowledge the absence of inherent meaning in life, existentialism emphasizes creating personal meaning and values, whereas nihilism may suggest that all endeavors are ultimately meaningless.

  • What is the significance of existentialism in helping individuals find purpose and overcome depression?

    -Existentialism is significant because it encourages individuals to create their own meaning and purpose in life, which can help them overcome feelings of depression and find fulfillment.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Stoicism and Ancient Greek Philosophy

The first paragraph delves into Stoicism, emphasizing the importance of personal choice and the power of discretion as unique human capabilities. It discusses the Stoic principles of moderation, courage, and justice, and how they apply to leading a balanced life. The paragraph also highlights Marcus Aurelius, a prominent Stoic philosopher and Roman emperor, who exemplified these principles. Additionally, it touches on the broader context of Ancient Greek philosophy, which laid the groundwork for modern sciences and philosophies, and encourages questioning and seeking knowledge to better understand the world and live a good life. It contrasts this with nihilism, which posits that life and the universe have no inherent meaning or value.

05:03

🏛 Marxism, Existentialism, and the Search for Meaning

The second paragraph introduces Marxism, a theory by Karl Marx that critiques the unequal distribution of labor and wealth, advocating for a society where everyone benefits equally from their work. It contrasts this with the Soviet Union's implementation of communism, which had dire consequences. The paragraph then explores existentialism, particularly the idea of creating personal meaning in life despite the absence of inherent purpose. It mentions Friedrich Nietzsche's perspective on embracing the meaninglessness of life to create new values and meanings. The discussion also touches on existential nihilism, which denies the existence of any objective morality, purpose, or knowledge, and how it can lead to both freedom from societal pressures and feelings of despair. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the importance of personal responsibility and the power of choice in shaping a meaningful life.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. It teaches that the path to virtue is found in accepting the natural order of the universe and focusing on what is within one's control. In the video, Stoicism is discussed as a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of rationality and self-control, advising a balanced life and the practice of virtue. The video mentions Marcus Aurelius, a Roman Emperor and Stoic philosopher, who exemplified the application of Stoic principles in governance and personal life.

💡Epicureanism

Epicureanism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. It advocates for a life of moderation and the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good, but not in the sense of hedonism. The video contrasts Epicureanism with Stoicism, suggesting that while Stoics seek a balanced life, Epicureans might be more focused on the pursuit of pleasure and avoiding pain.

💡Virtue

In the context of Stoicism, virtue is a moral excellence that comes from adhering to reason and living according to nature. The video explains that for Stoics, virtues like courage, temperance, justice, and wisdom are essential for living a good life. Virtue is seen as the means to achieve eudaimonia, which is often translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing'.

💡Determinism

Determinism is the philosophical belief that all events, including moral choices, are determined by previously existing causes. The video touches on determinism when discussing the idea that humans have the power of choice, which sets them apart from other beings. This concept is central to Stoic philosophy, which posits that while we cannot control external events, we can control our reactions and judgments.

💡Aristotelianism

Aristotelianism refers to the philosophical traditions and ideas associated with the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. The video mentions Aristotle's emphasis on understanding the world through observation and study, which aligns with his method of acquiring knowledge through empirical evidence and logical reasoning.

💡Socratic Method

The Socratic Method, named after Socrates, is a form of inquiry and debate between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to clarify ideas. The video references Socrates' approach to knowledge-seeking, which involves questioning and dialogue to reach a deeper understanding of a subject.

💡Nihilism

Nihilism is a philosophical viewpoint that suggests life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. The video discusses different forms of nihilism, such as moral nihilism (the denial of objective moral values), existential nihilism (life has no inherent meaning or purpose), and epistemological nihilism (the impossibility of knowledge or truth). Friedrich Nietzsche, mentioned in the video, is a philosopher often associated with nihilism, advocating for the creation of personal values in a world perceived as meaningless.

💡Marxism

Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated from the works of Karl Marx, focusing on the struggle between social classes and the historical materialist interpretation of societal development. The video simplifies Marxism by explaining the concept of surplus value and the idea that laborers should receive equal benefits from their work, leading to the concept of communism where resources are shared equally among society members.

💡Existentialism

Existentialism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. The video contrasts existentialism with nihilism by highlighting the belief in the importance of creating personal meaning and values despite the apparent lack of inherent meaning in life. Existentialism encourages individuals to take responsibility for their actions and the meaning they ascribe to their lives.

💡Atheism

Atheism is the absence of belief in the existence of deities. While not explicitly mentioned in the video, atheism can be inferred as a position that aligns with some forms of nihilism and existentialism, where individuals do not rely on religious or divine meaning but instead create their own purpose and values.

Highlights

Emphasis on human choice and free will in Stoicism, distinguishing humans from other entities.

Stoics advocate for moderation in life, neither being overly indulgent nor excessively ascetic.

Stoic principles include courage, moderation, justice, and wisdom as essential virtues.

Marcus Aurelius is highlighted as an example of a Stoic emperor who practiced Stoic principles in his governance.

Stoicism teaches that wisdom involves discerning correct information from incorrect and dedicating time to learning useful things.

Ancient Greek philosophy is a collection of views, ideas, and theories from various Greek philosophers.

The philosophy of Socrates emphasizes questioning and discussion to reach conclusions rather than dismissing ideas outright.

Plato suggests that the physical world is only a part of reality, and we should seek the world of ideas.

Aristotle's philosophy focuses on understanding the world through careful observation and study.

Ancient Greek philosophy encourages critical thinking and the pursuit of knowledge to better understand the world and life.

Nihilism is introduced as a belief system that questions the inherent meaning, purpose, and value of life and the universe.

Moral nihilism posits that there are no absolute moral principles, and the concepts of good and bad are relative.

Existential nihilism suggests that life has no ultimate purpose and everything is ultimately meaningless.

Epistemological nihilism denies the possibility of true knowledge or understanding.

Friedrich Nietzsche is mentioned as a prominent philosopher associated with nihilism, advocating for creating new values in a meaningless world.

Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice in creating meaning in life.

Marxism is a theory by Karl Marx that focuses on labor, capital, and the unequal distribution of wealth and power.

Communism, as a political system derived from Marxist ideas, aims for a society where everything is shared equally among people.

Existentialism is highlighted for its emphasis on living life with meaning and purpose based on personal goals and values.

A call to action for viewers to share the video and like it to support the creation of future content.

Transcripts

play00:00

فلسفه رواقیون لب کلام رواقیون تأکید بر

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انتخابهای آدماست در واقع قوه اختیار و

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انتخاب تنها ابزاری که ما رو از سایر

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موجودات جدا می‌کنه و از نظر رواقیون بقیه

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چیزا ارزش آنچنانی ندارن فلسفه رواقی بهت

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یاد میده که توی زندگی میانه رو باشی یعنی

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اینکه نه زندگی مرتاضی داشته باشی و نه به

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دنبال لذت‌گرایی و سرخوشی بیش از حد بری

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در واقع رواقیون توی همه کارا میانه رو

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هستن و زندگی متعادلی دارن رواقیون به چار

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اصل اعتقاد داشتن شجاعت میانه‌روی عدالت و

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حکمت شجاعت یعنی اینکه به این درک برسیم

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که نباید به مشکلات به چشم تراژدی و

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بدشانسی نگاه کنیم بلکه اونا رو باید

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فرصتی بدونیم برای اینکه توانایی خودمونو

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بسنجیم میانه روی هم یعنی انجام کار درست

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در زمان درست و به مقدار درست حتی توی

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کارهای خوب عدالت در فلسفه رواقیون یعنی

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اینکه ما بتونیم در شرایط سخت کار درست

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انجام بدیم نمونه عملیش هم مارکوس اورلیوس

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بود کسی که توی حکومت خودش تا جایی که

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می‌تونست این نص رو پیاده می‌کرد راستی

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مارکوس اورلیوس یکی از امپراتوران بزرگ

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روم باستان بود و در نکته چهارم هدف از

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حکمت این بود که سه تای دیگه رو تا جایی

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که می‌تونیم درست فرا بگیریم یعنی اطلاعات

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درست رو از اطلاعات غیر درست تشخیص بدیم و

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وقتمونو برای یادگیری چیزای مفید

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بذاریم فلسفه یونان باستان فلسفه یونان

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باستان منحصر به یکی دو نفر نمیشه بلکه

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مجموعه‌ای از دیدگاه‌ها نظریات و

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اندیشه‌های فیلسوفان یونانیه که توی دوره

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تقریباً از قرن ششم قبل از میلاد تا دوره

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رومی‌ها شکوفا شد در واقع این فلسفه پای و

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اساسی شد برای علم‌ها و فلسفه‌های مدرن‌تر

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اما سوال اینجاست که در کل فلسفه یونان

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باستان اومده بود تا به ما چی بگه بیاید

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با چند تا مثال ساده توضیح بدیم بپرسیم و

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عمیق فکر کنیم مثل وقتی که برامون سؤال

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پیش میاد که چرا مثلاً آسمون آبیه سقراط

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می‌گفت وقتی درباره چیزی کنجکاو میشید

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باید دربارش سؤال بکنید و بحث بکنید تا

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بتونید به یک نتیجه برسید نه ن اینکه

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بخواید ازش سرسری رد بشید در جستجوی حقیقت

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باشیم افلاطون می‌گفت چیزایی که می‌بینیم

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فقط یک بخشی از واقعیت هستن و باید به

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دنبال دنیای ایده‌ها باشیم این مثل اینه

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که اگر یک شیی رو دوست داریم باید بفهمیم

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که چرا اونو دوست داریم و فقط به ظاهرش

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نگاه نکنیم ببینیم و تجربه کنیم ارسطو

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می‌گفت برای فهمیدن دنیا باید اون رو خوب

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ببینیم و بررسی کنیم مثل وقتی که بخوایم

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ببینیم چطور یک گیاه رشد می‌کنه باید با

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دقت نگاه کنیم و اطلاعات رو یادداشت کنیم

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پیام کلی فلسفه یونان باستان این بود که

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با تفکر پرسیدن سؤالات و جستجوی دانش

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می‌تونیم به درک بهتری از جهان و زندگی

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برسیم اونا معتقد بودن که استفاده از عقل

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و منطق می‌تونه به ما کمک بکنه که حقیقت

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رو کشف کنیم و همچنین زندگی خوبی داشته

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باشیم نهیلیسم یا پوچ‌گرایی

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باور به اینکه زندگی و جهان هیچ معنای

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ذاتی و هدف و کلاً هیچ ارزشی نداره انواع

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مختلفی از نهیلیسم وجود داره نهیلیسم

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اخلاقی یعنی هیچ اصول اخلاقی مطلقی وجود

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نداره و خوب یا بد بودن چیزها نسبیه

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نهیلیسم وجودی یعنی زندگی هیچوقت هدف

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نهایی نداره و همه چیز در نهایت بی‌معنی

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نهیلیسم معرفت‌شناسی یعنی امکان شناخت یا

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دانش واقعی وجود نداره مثلاً فرض کنید که

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توی یک رابطه عاطفی هستید و این رابطه به

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پایان می‌رسه یک نهیلیسم کنه بگه که این

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پایان هیچ معنای ذاتی نداره و روابط

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انسانی در نهایت بی‌معنی

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یا مثلاً ممکنه برای مدرک تحصیلیت خیلی

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تلاش کرده باشید اما از دیدگاه نهلی استی

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سوال اینه که آیا دانش و مدرک تحصیلی

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واقعاً ارزش ذاتی دارن یا تنها ساختارهایی

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هستن که ما برای معنا دادن به زندگیمون

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می‌سازیم البته نهیلیسم به معنی بد بودن

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همه چیز نیست نهیلیسم می‌تونه به نوعی

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آزادی و رهایی از فشارهای اجتماعی و

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انتظارات بقیه ایجاد بکنه اما از طرف دیگه

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هم می‌تونه منجر به احساس بی‌معنایی و

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افسردگی بشه مثلاً فردریش نیچه که یکی از

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مشهورترین فیلسوفان مرتبط با نهیلیسم

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معتقد بود که باید با بی‌معنایی جهان

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روبهرو بشیم و بتونیم خودمون ارزش‌ها و

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معناهای جدیدی رو خلق کنیم و این یعنی

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اینکه اونجوری نباشه که زندگی رو کلاً پوچ

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ببینیم ابزورد اسم به این معنایی که

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می‌فهمیم زندگی و چیزایی که تو اون اتفاق

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میفتن ممکنه هیچ معنای خاصی نداشته باشن

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مثل وقتی که یک بازی بدون هدف انجام میدیم

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و باید سعی بکنیم صرفاً از بازی لذت ببریم

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زندگی هم همین طوره هیچ برنده و بازنده‌ای

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نداره

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و اگر ما بهش هدف ندیم معنای خاصی پیدا

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نمی‌کنه تصور کن یک روز بیدار میشی و

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می‌بینی همه چیز بی‌ معنیه مثلاً ممکنه که

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می‌خواید برید دانشگاه و این سوالو

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می‌پرسید که چرا اصلاً باید برم دانشگاه

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یا موقعی که گرسنه اید و غذا می‌خورید و

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بعد از سیر شدن به خودتون میگید خب حالا

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که چی چون دوباره گرسنه خواهید شد و باز

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هم غذا باید بخورید ابزورد اس میگه که این

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نوع تفکرات کاملاً طبیعیه خیلی از

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فیلسوفان مثل آلبر کامو گفتن که با اینکه

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زندگی بی‌معنی به نظر می‌رسه اما خود مون

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می‌تونیم معنی اونو بسازیم مثل وقتی که

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تصمیم می‌گیریم از یک بازی بیهدف لذت

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ببریم فقط به خاطر لذت بازی مثل موقعی که

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غذا می‌خوریم و اون غذا انقدری خوشمزه است

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که در حین خوردنش لذت

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می‌بریم و از نظر ابزورد اسم لذت‌های اصلی

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همین لذتهای کوچیکیه بدون اینکه اصلاً

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شاید هدفی پشتش

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باشه مارکسیسم این یک نظریه که توسط کارل

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مارکس فیلسوف آلمانی ارائه شده این نظریه

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بیشتر درباره کار و پول و همچنین چگونگی

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تقسیم اونا بین مردمه فرض کن تو یک

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خانواده‌ای زندگی می‌کنی که پدرت کشاورز و

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محصولات زیادی تولید می‌کنه حالا فکر کن

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که یک نفر دیگه که خودش کشاورز نیست میاد

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و همه محصولات رو از پدرت می‌خره و به

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قیمت بیشتری به مردم می‌فروشه این آدم

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خودش کاری نکرده ولی پول زیادی داره در

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میاره توی مارکسیست بهش میگن

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سرمایه‌دار در مارکسیسم گفته میشه که این

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وضعیت ناعادلانه است چون کسی که بیشتر کار

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می‌کنه باید از همه بیشتر سود ببره در

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دنیایی مارکس ایده اصلی اینه که همه

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آدم‌هایی که با هم کار می‌کنن باید به

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صورت مساوی از سود کارشون بهرهمند بشن

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مارکس می‌خواست دنیایی بسازه که همه توش

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به صورت برابر از کاری که می‌کنن بهرهمند

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بشن و کسی نتونه بدونه تلاش زیاد پول

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زیادی به دست

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بیاره و این ایده‌ها در نهایت به یک سیستم

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سیاسی منجر شد که بهش میگن کمونیسم یعنی

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یک جامعهی که همه چیز به صورت مشترک بین

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مردم تقسیم میشه و همه به اندازه تلاششون

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از من بهرهمند میشن البته لزومی نداره که

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این فلسفه‌های فکری همشون درست باشن چرا

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که اگر توی تاریخ یک سرکی بکشیم می‌دونیم

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که کمونیسم شوروی چه بلایی رو سر مردم

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آورد و دیکتاتورهای مثل لنین و همچنین

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استالین رو به وجود

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آورد اگزیستانسیالیسم این تفکر هم مثل

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ابزورد اسم و نهیلیسم میگه که زندگی معنای

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خاصی نداره ولی باید بدونیم که تفاوتش با

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اون د تا چیه تفاوتش اینه که فلسفه

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اگزیستانسیالیسم تأکید بسیار زیادی بر

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زندگی حال داره یعنی میگه که باید بتونیم

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توی زندگی یک معنای بسیار باارزش رو برای

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خودمون ایجاد بکنیم و بر اساس اون اهداف و

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خط قرمزهایی که خودمون داریم زندگیمون رو

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بگذرونیم فلسفه هستی‌ گرا به زندگی خیلی

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مقدس گونه نگاه می‌کنه و به زندگی ارزش

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میده جون انسان‌ها توی این تفکر بسیار

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باارزشه این تفکر هر ساله شاید میلیون‌ها

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نفرو تحت تأثیر خودش قرار بده و باعث بشه

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که برای زندگی شون هدف دوباره پیدا کنن و

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از شنگ افسردگی فرار کنن که با کمک همین

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فلسفه درمانی خیلی از مشکلات روانی شون رو

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هم خارج میشن حالا چرا اگزیستانسیالیسم

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مهمه چون میگه که ما توی زندگی آزادی

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انتخاب داریم و به زندگیمون معنا می‌بخشه

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این خیلی مهمه که خودمون بتونیم تصمیم

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بگیریم و از همه مهمتر اینه که مسئولیتش

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رو هم بپذیریم چرا که اگر کاری که دوست

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داریم رو انجام بدیم زندگی برامون پر از

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شادی و معنی میشه اگر از این ویدیو خوشتون

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اومد اونو به دوستانتونم بفرستید و مرسی

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که ویدیو رو لایک می‌کنید تا ویدیوی بعدی

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بدرود

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Greek PhilosophyStoicismExistentialismAncient WisdomPersonal GrowthLife MeaningAristotleSocratesPlatoMarcus AureliusPhilosophical Ideas