TAXONOMIA SISTEMÁTICA: CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS SERES VIVOS | QUER QUE DESENHE? | DESCOMPLICA

Summary

In this episode, the concept of taxonomy in biology is explained in an engaging and easy-to-understand manner. The video covers the classification of living organisms using categories like Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species, as well as the evolutionary relationships between them. It introduces the system developed by Carl Linnaeus and how it evolved, including recent additions like Domains. The script also emphasizes the importance of naming conventions and cladograms in understanding the relationships among organisms, making complex concepts accessible to viewers.

Takeaways

• 😀 Taxonomy is a branch of Biology that classifies and organizes living beings into categories.
• 😀 Carl Linnaeus, known as Lineu, created the system of classification called 'Systema Naturae' in 1735, which is still used today.
• 😀 Taxonomic categories range from broadest to most specific: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
• 😀 The 'Kingdom' category was added by Robert Whittaker, dividing life into five kingdoms: Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.
• 😀 The Kingdom Monera later split into two: Eubacteria and Archaea.
• 😀 A higher category called 'Domain' was introduced by Carl Woese, creating three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
• 😀 Scientific naming follows a system in Latin, which is stable and does not change, using capitalized genus and lowercase species names.
• 😀 The binomial nomenclature combines the genus name (epithet generic) with the species name (epithet specific), both of which are written in Latin.
• 😀 Taxonomy also involves understanding evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms, known as phylogeny.
• 😀 Cladograms represent these evolutionary relationships, with branches showing how different groups are related to each other based on common ancestry.
• 😀 In a cladogram, terminal branches indicate specific taxa, internal branches show internal relationships, and the root represents the oldest common ancestor.

Q & A

What is taxonomy in biology?

Taxonomy is a branch of biology that classifies and organizes living organisms into categories based on shared characteristics.

Who created the taxonomic system that is still in use today?

The taxonomic system was created by Carl von Linné, also known as Linnaeus, in 1735. This system is called 'Systema Naturae.'

What are the main categories in Linnaeus' taxonomic system?

The main categories are: Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species, organized from the most general to the most specific.

What new category did Robert Whittaker introduce to the taxonomic classification?

Robert Whittaker introduced the category of 'Kingdom,' which is above Phylum. He classified organisms into five Kingdoms: Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.

How did the Kingdom Monera change over time?

The Kingdom Monera was later split into two separate Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaea.

What is the significance of the word 'REFICLOFAGE' in taxonomy?

'REFICLOFAGE' is a mnemonic to help remember the order of taxonomic classifications: Reino (Kingdom), Filo (Phylum), Classe (Class), Ordem (Order), Família (Family), Gênero (Genus), and Espécie (Species).

What new category did Carl Woese introduce, and how does it relate to Kingdoms?

Carl Woese introduced the 'Domain' category, which is above the Kingdoms. He classified organisms into three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

What are the rules for naming species in taxonomy?

Species are named using a binomial nomenclature system, with the Genus name capitalized and the species name in lowercase. The names are in Latin and italicized, underlined, or bolded to distinguish them.

What is a cladogram and how is it used in taxonomy?

A cladogram is a diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between taxa. It shows how organisms are related to each other based on shared evolutionary history, with branches representing different taxonomic groups.

What do the different types of groups in cladogram analysis (monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic) mean?

A monophyletic group includes all descendants of a common ancestor; a paraphyletic group lacks some descendants of the common ancestor; and a polyphyletic group includes multiple, unrelated groups that do not share a common ancestor.