Histoire des juifs - Résumé depuis 750 av. J-C jusqu'aux conflit israélo-palestinien

Summary

The video script chronicles the complex history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, beginning with the ancient kingdoms of the Middle East. It details the conquests by various empires, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Romans, and the subsequent Jewish diaspora. The narrative continues through the rise of Christianity and Islam, the Jewish golden age in Al-Andalus, and the persecutions during the Crusades and the Black Death. It touches on the Jewish migration and the emergence of Zionism in response to pogroms and the need for a homeland. The script culminates in the political machinations of World War I, the Balfour Declaration, and the establishment of the British Mandate in Palestine, setting the stage for the modern conflict.

Takeaways

• 🏛 The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has ancient roots, dating back to 750 BC with the kingdom of Israel amidst the Assyrian and Egyptian empires.
• 🛡️ The Assyrians conquered the capital Samaria in -722, leading to a migration to Judah and Jerusalem, which later faced Babylonian conquest.
• 🕌 After the fall of Babylon, the Achaemenid Persian Empire allowed Judeans to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their city and culture, including the temple of Solomon and the writing of the Torah.
• 🗺️ Alexander the Great's conquests led to the division of his empire into Hellenistic kingdoms, with Judea under Ptolemaic control and later influenced by Hellenic culture.
• ⚔️ Roman conquest and subsequent revolts resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem's temple and the dispersal of Jews, with the Wailing Wall as a lasting symbol.
• 🕋 The rise of Islam and Arab conquests led to a period of tolerance for Jews, with Jerusalem becoming a holy city for three monotheistic religions.
• 📚 Jewish culture flourished in Al-Andalus during the Arab rule in the Iberian Peninsula, while in Europe, Jews played a crucial role as traders between Catholics and Muslims.
• 🛑 The Crusades brought violence against Jewish communities, who were seen as deicides, and led to further persecution and expulsions.
• 🗡️ The Black Death and the subsequent accusations of well-poisoning led to widespread persecution and expulsion of Jews from various European regions.
• 🏰 The Reconquista in Spain resulted in Jews being forced to convert or leave, with many settling in the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania.
• 🌍 The 17th-century massacres and subsequent migrations led to a significant Jewish population in the Russian Empire, where they faced pogroms and eventually emigrated to the USA and Western Europe.
• 🏛️ The First Zionist Congress in 1897 marked the beginning of the organized effort to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, setting the stage for the modern Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Q & A

What was the historical context of the Middle East around 750 BC?

Around 750 BC, the Middle East was divided into several small kingdoms and city-states, situated between the Assyrian Empire in the north and Egypt in the south, with the kingdom of Israel being one of them.

What significant event occurred in -722 when the Assyrian Empire took control of the capital Samaria?

In -722, the capital Samaria fell to the Assyrian Empire, leading to a portion of the population fleeing to the kingdom of Judah and Jerusalem.

How did the Babylonians' conquest impact the region after the fall of the Assyrian Empire?

After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the Babylonians took over the region, eventually razing Jerusalem and moving a significant part of the population to their capital.

What was the significance of the Achaemenid Persian Empire's takeover of Babylon in -539?

In -539, the Achaemenid Persian Empire took over Babylon and allowed the formerly defeated peoples, including a good part of the Judeans, to return to their lands and rebuild their cities and culture.

How did Alexander the Great's conquests affect Judea and the Jewish community?

Alexander the Great's conquests led to Judea coming under the control of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and a Jewish community settling in Alexandria, where the Torah was translated into Greek.

What cultural conflict arose between Hellenic and Jewish cultures in Judea?

A cultural conflict arose when an altar in the temple was dedicated to the worship of Zeus, leading to a traditionalist Jewish militia organizing and regaining control of Jerusalem, restoring the temple and making the kingdom of Judea independent.

What were the consequences of the Roman conquest of the region a century after Alexander the Great's death?

Following the Roman conquest, the Judeans attempted two revolts, both of which were violently suppressed, resulting in the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, and the prohibition of Jews in Judea.

How did the rise of Islam and the Arab conquest in the seventh century affect the Jewish population?

With the rise of Islam and the Arab conquest, Jews were generally tolerated by the Arabs, and only polytheistic peoples were converted by force. The city of Jerusalem became a holy city for the three monotheistic religions.

What was the situation of Jews in Western Europe during the time of the Seljuk Turks' expansion?

During the time of the Seljuk Turks' expansion, Jews in Western Europe were persecuted, especially during the organization of the Crusades, where they were massacred as they were seen as a deicide people.

How did the Black Death of 1347 impact the Jewish communities in Europe?

The Black Death led to rumors accusing Jews of poisoning wells, resulting in their persecution and eventual expulsion, particularly along the Rhine-Rhone axis.

What was the outcome of the first Zionist Congress in 1897 and how did it relate to the British Balfour Declaration?

The first Zionist Congress in 1897 planned to establish a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine. This was followed by the Balfour Declaration, in which British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour promised a Jewish national home in Palestine in exchange for financial aid from Jewish banks.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Ancient Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

This paragraph delves into the historical roots of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, beginning with the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East in 750 BC. It outlines the Assyrian Empire's control over the region, including the kingdom of Israel and its people's veneration of Yahweh. The narrative continues through the fall of Samaria, the Babylonian conquest, and the subsequent periods of Egyptian and Babylonian rule. The Achaemenid Persian Empire's takeover and the return of Judeans to Jerusalem to rebuild their city and culture are highlighted. The paragraph also covers the Hellenistic period, the Roman conquest, and the Jewish revolts, leading to the destruction of the temple and the dispersion of Jews. The rise of Christianity and Islam, the golden age of Jewish culture in Al-Andalus, and the shifting fortunes of Jews in Europe are also discussed, culminating in the Seljuk Turks' arrival and the beginning of the crusades.

05:00

🛡️ The Crusades and the Shifting Jewish Demographics

This paragraph explores the impact of the crusades on Jewish communities and the subsequent shifts in Jewish demographics across Europe and the Middle East. It starts with the Black Death's devastation in Europe and the false accusations against Jews, leading to their persecution and expulsion. The Reconquista in Spain and the forced conversion or expulsion of Jews are detailed, along with their migration to the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania. The paragraph then discusses the massacre of Jews during the 1648 Ukrainian Cossack revolt and the subsequent diaspora within the Russian Empire. The rise of pogroms and the Jewish emigration to the USA and Western Europe are covered, setting the stage for the first Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897. The paragraph concludes with the geopolitical machinations during World War I, the Balfour Declaration, and the post-war division of the Near East, marking the beginning of the modern Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Keywords

💡Israeli-Palestinian conflict

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict refers to the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians over land and national identity. It is central to the video's theme, illustrating a historical narrative that has led to the current situation. The script traces the conflict back to ancient times, showing how different peoples have contested the same territory over centuries.

💡Assyrian Empire

The Assyrian Empire was an ancient Mesopotamian kingdom that played a significant role in shaping the region's history. In the script, it is mentioned as the conqueror of the capital Samaria in 722 BC, which led to the displacement of the Israelite population and contributed to the ongoing conflict by setting a precedent for territorial disputes.

💡Babylonians

The Babylonians were an ancient civilization that conquered and ruled over various territories, including the region that is central to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The script describes how the Babylonians took over after the fall of the Assyrian Empire and later, how they themselves were overthrown, leading to a period of instability and conflict.

💡Achaemenid Persian Empire

The Achaemenid Persian Empire, also known as the First Persian Empire, is noted for its expansive rule and cultural influence. In the context of the video, it is significant as the empire that took over Babylon in 539 BC, allowing for the return of the Judeans to Jerusalem and the rebuilding of their culture and religious practices.

💡Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great was a historical figure known for his extensive conquests across the known world. His death without a clear heir led to the division of his empire into Hellenistic kingdoms, which the script mentions as a precursor to the cultural and religious conflicts that would later shape the region's history.

💡Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemaic dynasty refers to the rulers of Ptolemaic Egypt, which was one of the Hellenistic kingdoms formed after the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The script highlights their control over Judea and the influence of Hellenistic culture, which competed with Jewish culture, contributing to the complex cultural dynamics of the region.

💡Roman Empire

The Roman Empire is a key historical entity that had a profound impact on the region in question. The script details the Roman conquest of Judea and the subsequent revolts and destruction of Jerusalem, which are pivotal events in the narrative of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

💡Wailing Wall

The Wailing Wall, also known as the Western Wall, is a sacred site in Jewish tradition and a symbol of Jewish heritage and continuity. The script mentions it as the only part of the temple that remained after its destruction by the Romans, making it a significant location in the ongoing conflict.

💡Zionist Congress

The Zionist Congress refers to a series of political gatherings that aimed to establish a national homeland for the Jewish people. The first congress in Basel in 1897 is highlighted in the script as a critical moment leading to the modern Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as it set the stage for the political aspirations of the Zionist movement.

💡British Mandate

The British Mandate for Palestine was a period during which the United Kingdom governed the region under a League of Nations mandate following World War I. The script explains how this mandate marked the beginning of the formal international involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as it set the stage for the territorial and political disputes that continue to this day.

💡Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was a vast empire that once controlled much of the Middle East, including the land central to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The script describes the empire's fierce opposition to the Zionist project and its eventual defeat in World War I, which led to the dismantling of the empire and the establishment of the British Mandate.

Highlights

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the most complex and controversial conflicts in the world.

The conflict began over a century ago between two very different peoples for the same territory.

In 750 BC, the Middle East was divided into several small kingdoms and city-states.

The kingdom of Israel was among them, with people venerating many gods including Yahweh.

In -722, the Assyrian Empire conquered the capital Samaria, leading to a population exodus to Judah and Jerusalem.

The Babylonians took over the region after the fall of Nineveh, with Jerusalem resisting and being besieged.

In -539, the Achaemenid Persian Empire allowed Judeans to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their city and culture.

Alexander the Great conquered the region in -334, but his empire was divided after his death.

Judea came under the control of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and a Jewish community settled in Alexandria.

Hellenistic and Jewish cultures competed after Judea switched sides in a war against the Seleucid dynasty.

A traditionalist Jewish militia regained control of Jerusalem in -164, restoring the temple and making Judea independent.

The Roman army conquered the region a century later, leading to two violent revolts by the Judeans.

The first revolt in 66 resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem's temple and the creation of the Wailing Wall.

During the second revolt, Jerusalem was razed, and Jews were forbidden in Judea, leading to mass migration.

Jews faced persecution in the Mediterranean basin, especially from the Visigoths and the Byzantine Empire.

The Arab conquest in the 7th century led to Jews being tolerated, and Jerusalem became a holy city for three monotheistic religions.

In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks expanded, persecuted Christians, and forbade pilgrims to Jerusalem, prompting European crusades.

The Black Death in 1347 led to rumors accusing Jews of poisoning wells, resulting in their persecution and expulsion.

The Reconquista in Spain ended with Jews being forced to convert or leave, leading many to settle in the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania.

The 17th-century revolt of Ukrainian Cossack peasants against the nobility and Jews led to mass killings and the weakening of Poland-Lithuania.

Jews emigrated to the USA and Western Europe, where conditions improved, leading to the 1897 Zionist Congress in Basel.

The Ottoman Empire opposed the Zionist project, but the British promised a Jewish national home in Palestine for financial aid.

After WWI, the Near East was divided among European powers, with Palestine coming under British mandate, marking the beginning of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Transcripts

a hundred years ago was born a conflict that would quickly become

one of the most complex and controversial in the world

A conflict between two very different peoples for the same territory

To understand the origins of this conflict

let's take a map of the history of the Jewish people

the Israeli-Palestinian conflict will be explained in the second video

We start in 750 BC

the Middle East is divided into several small kingdoms and city-states

stuck between the Assyrian Empire in the north and Egypt in the south.

Among these is the kingdom of Israel

whose people venerate many gods including Yahweh

In -722, the capital Samaria falls to the hands of the Assyrian Empire

Part of the population then fled to the kingdom of Judah and Jerusalem

but they will be followed by the Assyrian army which continues its expansion towards the south

The region remains under control for a century

until the fall of the capital Nineveh facing the Babylonians

Egypt and Babylon will then dispute the territories of the former empire

but quickly the Babylonians take over and impose themselves in the region

Jerusalem resists this new domination and rebels

The Babylonian army then returns to besiege and ransack the city

A good part of the population is then moved to the capital

In -539, the Achaemenid Persian Empire takes over Babylon

The new king authorizes a return on their lands to the formerly defeated peoples

A good part of the Judeans return to Jerusalem

to build the city and organize the basics of Jewish culture

by building the temple of Solomon and writing the Torah

In -334, the young and ambitious king of Macedonia Alexander the Great

share with his army to conquer the known world

In a little more than ten years he submits a huge territory and built many cities

But exhausted by the conquest he dies at 32 years old in Babylon

No heir in old age

The empire is then divided by its generals into different Hellenistic kingdoms

Judea passes under the control of the Ptolemaic dynasty

A Jewish community then settles in the new city of Alexandria

the Torah is translated into Greek

Following a war against the dynasty Seleucid, Judea changes sides

Hellenic culture and Jewish culture become competitors

to the point that an altar of the temple is now dedicated to the worship of Zeus

A traditionalist Jewish militia organizes itself and regains control of Jerusalem in -164

The temple is restored and the kingdom of Judea becomes independent

A century later, the region is conquered by the Roman army

The Judeans will try two revolts that will be violently muted

The first in 66 causes the siege of Jerusalem then the destruction of his temple

Only a wall of the enclosure resists will become the Wailing Wall

During the second revolt, the city is razed and a large part of the people are massacred

This time Jews are forbidden in Judea

Many migrate to the Galilee but also in the empire

Towards the end of the Roman Empire, the Christianity is the dominant religion

and Jerusalem a place of pilgrimage

The Jewish community that is then prosperous in the Mediterranean basin

is gradually persecuted especially among the Visigoths and the Byzantine Empire

In the seventh century, following the birth of Islam begins an Arab conquest

In some cases Jews support this conquest in the hope of better conditions

They are then tolerated by the Arabs and only the polytheistic peoples are converted by force

In Jerusalem, the dome of the rock is built

The city is now a holy city for the three monotheistic religions

The Arabs arrive to the Iberian Peninsula, which they call Al-Andalus

5% of the population and is Jewish and their culture begins a golden age

While in Europe they are tolerated as people witnesses of times before Jesus Christ

but also as sole traders between Catholics and Muslims

Which allows the Jews to establish themselves progressively throughout Western Europe

In the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks, a people from Central Asia

begins expansion and reaches Jerusalem

They persecute Christians and forbid pilgrims to the city

In response, Christians in Europe organize crusades

military and religious expeditions to the Holy City

On the way, they massacre Jewish communities

that they now see as a deicide people, who killed Jesus Christ

In 1347, the Black Death accompanies boats of Genoese traders from Caffa

In five years, the disease is spreading all of Europe

and decimates almost half of the population

Rumor spreads accusing Jews of poisoning wells

They are then persecuted mainly on the Rhine-Rhone axis and then gradually expelled

In Spain, the Reconquista ends

Catholic kings require Jews to convert or leave

A large part chose the departure and will settle along the Mediterranean coast

Mainly in the Ottoman Empire where they are welcome

Poland-Lithuania also begins a reception policy

and becomes a haven for Jews from Western Europe

In the 17th century, there are then more than 300 000, about half of the Jews in the world

But everything changed in 1648 with the revolt of the Ukrainian Cossack peasants

against the nobility and the Jews to whom they reproach a privileged relation with the power

More than 100,000 of them are massacred or fleeing the area

This episode will weaken Poland-Lithuania

which is besieged on all sides by the neighboring powers.

In 150 years, the country and eradicated and its lands are shared

The Jewish community is divided and 900,000 of them are now in the Russian Empire

where they are not welcome

They quickly become the target of popular attacks called pogroms

a Russian term meaning "devastated"

Faced with the lack of reaction from the authorities, these attacks are becoming more and more frequent

and increase in intensity until they become deadly

Jews then emigrate to the USA and Western Europe where their condition has improved

It is in this context that is organized in Basel in 1897

The first Zionist congress that plans to found a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine

But the Ottoman Empire is fiercely opposed to the project

A few years later, begins the first world war

The Ottoman Empire fights alongside Germany

Opposite, the allies are in trouble and seek new supports

The Minister of Foreign Affairs British Arthur Balfour

then writes an open letter promising a Jewish national home in Palestine

against financial aid from Jewish banks

In parallel the British push Arabs to rebellion against the Ottoman Empire

by promising them independence in the liberated territories

At the end of the war, the Near East is dismantled and shared between the European powers

Palestine goes under British mandate

This is the beginning of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict